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HIV/AIDS
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a viral infection transmitted through the sexual route. Intravenous needle sharing, infected blood transfusions and transmission from mother to child during birth and breastfeeding can also cause HIV infection. The symptoms become manifest two to four weeks after HIV infection. Symptoms can also be delayed for as long as ten months. HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and can cause complications. Treatment of HIV / AIDS comprises antiretroviral drugs and lifestyle management. The patient may suffer from opportunistic infections, which are usually fatal. Hence control of infection in an HIV positive patient is a crucial part.
TypesHIV is classified into two different types:
The stages and progression of HIV infection is as following:
Asymptomatic phase: HIV infection initial stages without any significant symptoms. However, changes in the immune system are noted. This phase can last up to 3 months. Primary infection to develop into HIV disease and immunosuppression takes many years.
Primary infection: The patient replicates the HIV in his bloodstream and lymph nodes in this phase of the disease.
Symptomatic stage: this is known as the late phase of HIV disease, also known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The patient is at risk of developing opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis, candidiasis during this phase of infection.
SymptomsPatients may remain asymptomatic initially after infection. Symptoms progress over two to three weeks after infection, the delay in symptoms for ten months has also been noted in many patients. Non-specific symptoms of HIV may occur during the Acute retroviral phase of the illness. Symptoms pointed out during this phase are as following-
Chronic HIV infection without AIDS
Following are the routes of acquiring HIV/AIDS infection:
The following measures can prevent the spread of HIV infection:
Screening test and confirmatory test are the mainstays for the diagnosis of HIV infection. A complete blood count is performed to assess thrombocytopenia, leukopenia or anaemia. CD4 cell count and viral load are also essential in the diagnosis of HIV infection. Differential diagnosis also plays a significant role in testing for HIV infection. For example, considering cardiovascular disorders, order cardiac biomarkers.
In the case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, pneumonia is a significant complication. Planning of chest X-Ray may be valuable to detect pulmonary infiltrates. Arterial blood gases provide essential information about an HIV infected person. Tuberculosis testing should be done. Sputum cultures are necessary for detecting bacterial infections. Other diagnostic tests such as CT scan may be crucial if disseminated TB is a possible diagnosis, especially in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Individual with AIDS and decreased cd4 cell counts are at risk for pancreatitis and cholecystitis. Industries diagnostic tests such as bilirubin, transaminase and light base are functional.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is essential in patients with dysphagia. Diarrhoea is a common symptom in patients with AIDS. In these patients testing for bacteria, parasite, and ova should be performed. In severe refractory cases, colonoscopy is essential. Neurological complaints of HIV and AIDS should be detected using CT scan, CSF analysis, and lumbar puncture.
TreatmentAntiretroviral drugs: Antiretroviral drugs are the mainstay of treatment in HIV infected patients. Nucleoside/ nucleoid reverse transcriptase inhibitors in many combinations available. Along with this, CCR5 inhibitors and protease inhibitors are also used in the treatment of HIV infected patience.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a vital part of HIV treatment.
Dolutegravir 50mg once or twice a day, Raltegravir 400mg tablet twice a day should be taken.
Protease Inhibitors
Prognosis
The progress of a patient suffering HIV with CD4 count greater than 500 lives a normal life compared to a person with a low CD4 level. Patients with AIDS who have untreated opportunistic infections have a low life expectancy.
Complications
A major complication to HIV is its progression to AIDS. It can be recognised when there is a low CD4 count with signs of opportunistic infections.
AIDS usually occurs when the lymphocyte count is below a specific level, and one of the following infections is present:
Mitochondrial dysfunction is blamed for some comorbidities associated with chronic HIV infection. MitoQ reduced mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV infected mice on ART.
World AIDS Day 2022: Advancements In The Treatment Of HIV/AIDSMultiple neutralizing antibodies for the treatment of HIV are being tested and developed by scientists at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center (VRC).
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World AIDS Day 2022: HIV Infection Doesn t Always Lead To AIDS, Facts You Should KnowPeople detected with HIV-AIDS are still looked down upon by society. Let's dispel the myths surrounding HIV-AIDS.
20-Year-Old HIV-Positive Mother Left Unattended In Labour For Over Six Hours, Baby Dies Soon AfterStudies show the lack of knowledge about the routes of transmission of the virus among medical students and a strong association of HIV with unethical behaviour are two major reasons why these patients might suffer discrimination at their hands
HIV prevention lessons for Chennai's migrant workersHIV/AIDS is a disease that affects the human immune system. AIDS is the final stage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection.
UNITAID To Roll Out Long-Lasting HIV Injection In South Africa, Brazil: All About This New Preventive MethodThe injection, developed by ViiV Healthcare, has been found to be more effective than daily oral PrEP in reducing the risk of HIV infection.
HIV Patients At 68 Per Cent Higher Risk Of Developing Heart Failure; Look Out For These SymptomsHeart failure is a common problem and can be triggered by many health complications, including HIV. Research has shown that people suffering from HIV are at higher risk of heart failure.
World AIDS Day 2021: Can HIV Spread Through Hugging or Kissing? Doctor Debunks Common MythsOn World AIDS Day, TheHealthSite.Com spoke to Dr. Deepak Verma, consultant internal medicine, Manipal Hospital, Ghaziabad to understand everything about this condition and myths that one can now put at rest.
World AIDS Day 2021: Rapid HIV Testing Kits In India -- How To Get Tested At HomeHIV test kit -- How to use it, what is the cost, how to read the results and more on this HIV testing kit answered.
World AIDS Day: Chronic Cough And Other Warning Signs of An HIV Infection That You Shouldn t IgnoreThe world marks AIDS Day on December 1 to highlight the work done to eliminate the epidemic. Today, on this day let's understand the various symptoms of HIV/AIDS infection that one should never ignore.
First Long-Acting Injection For HIV Approved, Patients Would Need Treatment Only For 6 DaysIn a breakthrough, a long-acting injection for HIV patients got a green light that will help reduce the time period for the treatment to just 6 days in a year.
The Importance Of Premarital Health Checkups You may be preoccupied with your wedding planning and spending a fortune on your wedding attire, food and decor. Along with that, make sure you are enrolling for some health tests too.
Good News For People With HIV! Lifelong Medication May Not Be Needed To Control The VirusLike most medicines, antiretroviral drugs for HIV can also cause side effects. Scientists explain how HIV patients can still keep the virus in remission after stopping ART.
Oxford Scientists Begin Clinical Trial For HIV VaccineVaccines are seen as a powerful tool to control and ultimately end HIV globally. Read on to know more about this Oxford HIV vaccine.
Beta Blockers May Put HIV Patients at Higher Risk of Heart Disease, Stroke and Heart FailureHIV patients taking beta blockers had 90 per cent higher risk of developing heart disease, heart failure or stroke for the first time compared to those who were taking ACEi/ARBs -- the most frequently prescribed type of high blood pressure medication, found a study.
This diabetes drug may be used as adjunct therapy for treating HIVCurrently, doctors use combinations of antiretroviral drugs to suppress HIV replication. But many patients taking ART treatment show signs of residual viral replication and immune impairment. A new study has indicated that a widely used diabetes drug may be the new weapon against HIV.
World AIDS Vaccine Day 2020: Can we hope for an effective shield against HIV soon?On the occasion of World AIDS Vaccine Day today, let us see if there is any hope of finding a cure of this disease in the near future.
Side Effects of HIV Drugs: MitoQ Supplement May Reverse Organ Damage Caused By HIV, Antiretroviral TherapyMitochondrial dysfunction is blamed for some comorbidities associated with chronic HIV infection. MitoQ reduced mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV infected mice on ART.
World AIDS Day 2022: Advancements In The Treatment Of HIV/AIDSMultiple neutralizing antibodies for the treatment of HIV are being tested and developed by scientists at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center (VRC).
5 HIV Myths Proven False: Know Everything About Prevention ChoicesDr Atul Patel shares 5 myths about HIV/AIDS that have been proven false by facts and prevention options.
World AIDS Day 2022: HIV Infection Doesn t Always Lead To AIDS, Facts You Should KnowPeople detected with HIV-AIDS are still looked down upon by society. Let's dispel the myths surrounding HIV-AIDS.
20-Year-Old HIV-Positive Mother Left Unattended In Labour For Over Six Hours, Baby Dies Soon AfterStudies show the lack of knowledge about the routes of transmission of the virus among medical students and a strong association of HIV with unethical behaviour are two major reasons why these patients might suffer discrimination at their hands
HIV prevention lessons for Chennai's migrant workersHIV/AIDS is a disease that affects the human immune system. AIDS is the final stage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection.
UNITAID To Roll Out Long-Lasting HIV Injection In South Africa, Brazil: All About This New Preventive MethodThe injection, developed by ViiV Healthcare, has been found to be more effective than daily oral PrEP in reducing the risk of HIV infection.
HIV Patients At 68 Per Cent Higher Risk Of Developing Heart Failure; Look Out For These SymptomsHeart failure is a common problem and can be triggered by many health complications, including HIV. Research has shown that people suffering from HIV are at higher risk of heart failure.
World AIDS Day 2021: Can HIV Spread Through Hugging or Kissing? Doctor Debunks Common MythsOn World AIDS Day, TheHealthSite.Com spoke to Dr. Deepak Verma, consultant internal medicine, Manipal Hospital, Ghaziabad to understand everything about this condition and myths that one can now put at rest.
World AIDS Day 2021: Rapid HIV Testing Kits In India -- How To Get Tested At HomeHIV test kit -- How to use it, what is the cost, how to read the results and more on this HIV testing kit answered.
First Long-Acting Injection For HIV Approved, Patients Would Need Treatment Only For 6 DaysIn a breakthrough, a long-acting injection for HIV patients got a green light that will help reduce the time period for the treatment to just 6 days in a year.
The Importance Of Premarital Health Checkups You may be preoccupied with your wedding planning and spending a fortune on your wedding attire, food and decor. Along with that, make sure you are enrolling for some health tests too.
Good News For People With HIV! Lifelong Medication May Not Be Needed To Control The VirusLike most medicines, antiretroviral drugs for HIV can also cause side effects. Scientists explain how HIV patients can still keep the virus in remission after stopping ART.
Oxford Scientists Begin Clinical Trial For HIV VaccineVaccines are seen as a powerful tool to control and ultimately end HIV globally. Read on to know more about this Oxford HIV vaccine.
Beta Blockers May Put HIV Patients at Higher Risk of Heart Disease, Stroke and Heart FailureHIV patients taking beta blockers had 90 per cent higher risk of developing heart disease, heart failure or stroke for the first time compared to those who were taking ACEi/ARBs -- the most frequently prescribed type of high blood pressure medication, found a study.
This diabetes drug may be used as adjunct therapy for treating HIVCurrently, doctors use combinations of antiretroviral drugs to suppress HIV replication. But many patients taking ART treatment show signs of residual viral replication and immune impairment. A new study has indicated that a widely used diabetes drug may be the new weapon against HIV.
World AIDS Vaccine Day 2020: Can we hope for an effective shield against HIV soon?On the occasion of World AIDS Vaccine Day today, let us see if there is any hope of finding a cure of this disease in the near future.
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Algorithm Aids In Early Detection Of Age-related Eye Disease
Duke University researchers created a computer program that determines, with 94% accuracy, if a person's age-related macular degeneration (AMD) will worsen within a year.
The deep learning algorithm, featured in an article published in JAMA Ophthalmology, analyzes detailed eye scans to predict if the common eye condition will progress to a more severe stage known as geographic atrophy (GA).
This faster foresight could streamline clinical trial recruitment and aid rollout of treatments designed to preserve the vision of older adults.
"Being able to predict AMD progression means we can be proactive, potentially halting its progression and improving patient outcomes," said senior study author and retina specialist Eleonora Lad, MD, Ph.D., vice chair of clinical research and associate professor at the Duke Eye Center.
Eye doctors at Duke Eye Center collaborated with Lawrence Carin, Ph.D., and Ricardo Henao, Ph.D., from Duke AI Health and the Duke Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and global experts to study the algorithm known as DeepGAze.
"This predictive tool could transform how we screen for the disease, how often we see patients, and even when to start treatments," Lad said.
Progression from intermediate AMD to geographic atrophy represents a transition from a condition with few symptoms to one that can devastate central vision, which is needed to read, drive, and see pictures and faces.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently approved two new medications that may offer a reprieve for the 1.5 million people diagnosed with geographic atrophy. Pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol can slow GA's progression.
Lad was at the forefront of one of the key clinical trials for pegcetacoplan, the first FDA-approved drug for geographic atrophy. The Lancet recently highlighted Phase 3 clinical trial results confirming that injections of pegcetacoplan given once a month or every other month can curb GA lesion growth.
The algorithm, like other technology used to track diabetic retinopathy, is poised to refine the diagnostic process and help doctors pinpoint who'll benefit from treatments and ongoing care.
In JAMA Ophthalmology, researchers detail how the DeepGAze algorithm sorted through volumes of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography scans of the retina to spot which eyes would progress from intermediate stage AMD to geographic atrophy within a year.
The program used data from several U.S. Clinical sites in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS2). In all, 417 patients were involved in the study. The ability of DeepGAze to predict progression to GA within a year had a true positive rate of 0.94. In other words, it was right 94% of the time.
Even when expert graders added image annotations to identify certain conditions, a time-consuming and expensive task, the computer model did not perform significantly better than working on its own.
More information: Eliot R. Dow et al, A Deep-Learning Algorithm to Predict Short-Term Progression to Geographic Atrophy on Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography, JAMA Ophthalmology (2023). DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.4659
Citation: Algorithm aids in early detection of age-related eye disease (2023, November 8) retrieved 21 November 2023 from https://medicalxpress.Com/news/2023-11-algorithm-aids-early-age-related-eye.Html
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AI System Offers Potential For Early Autism Diagnosis
Mohamed Khudri, B.Sc., a visiting research scholar at the University of Louisville in Kentucky, was part of a multi-disciplinary team that developed the three-stage system to analyze and classify diffusion tensor MRI (DT-MRI) of the brain. DT-MRI is a special technique that detects how water travels along white matter tracts in the brain.
The AI system involves isolating brain tissue images from the DT-MRI scans and extracting imaging markers that indicate the level of connectivity between brain regions. A machine learning algorithm compares the marker patterns in the brains of children with autism to those of the normally developed brains.
"Autism is primarily a disease of improper connections within the brain," said co-author Gregory N. Barnes, M.D., Ph.D., professor of neurology and director of the Norton Children's Autism Center in Louisville. "DT-MRI captures these abnormal connections that lead to the symptoms that children with autism often have, such as impaired social communication and repetitive behaviors."Advertisement
The researchers applied their methodology to the DT-MRI brain scans of 226 children between the ages of 24 and 48 months from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange-II. The dataset included scans of 126 children affected by autism and 100 normally developing children. The technology demonstrated 97% sensitivity, 98% specificity, and an overall accuracy of 98.5% in identifying the children with autism."Our approach is a novel advancement that enables the early detection of autism in infants under two years of age," Khudri said. "We believe that therapeutic intervention before the age of three can lead to better outcomes, including the potential for individuals with autism to achieve greater independence and higher IQs."
According to the CDC's 2023 Community Report on Autism, fewer than half of children with autism spectrum disorder received a developmental evaluation by three years of age, and 30% of children who met the criteria for autism spectrum disorder did not receive a formal diagnosis by 8 years of age.
"The idea behind early intervention is to take advantage of brain plasticity, or the ability of the brain to normalize function with therapy," Dr. Barnes said.
The researchers said infants and young children with autism receive a delayed diagnosis for several reasons, including a lack of bandwidth at testing centers. Khudri said their AI system could facilitate precise autism management while reducing the time and costs associated with assessment and treatment.
"Imaging offers the promise of quickly detecting autism in an objective fashion," Dr. Barnes said. "We envision an autism assessment that begins with DT-MRI followed by an abbreviated session with a psychologist to confirm the results and guide parents on next steps. This approach could reduce the psychologists' workload by up to 30%."
The AI system produces a report detailing which neural pathways are affected, the anticipated impact on brain functionality, and a severity grade that can be used to guide early therapeutic intervention.
The researchers are working toward commercializing and obtaining FDA clearance for their AI software.
Reference :
STD Pictures: Herpes, Genital Warts, Gonorrhea, STD Symptoms ...
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